Company taxation by country
General and special company regimes (free zones, small businesses, global minimum tax for large groups), with their conditions. The shareholder's taxation is covered separately, on the country page.
Based on the tax regime summaries of the country guides. Figures and their official sources are on each country page.
38 countries
Andorra
Corporate income tax: general rateGeneral regime
- Who for?
- Companies and other entities resident in Andorra, and permanent establishments of non-resident entities.
- Which income?
- Taxable profit; dividends paid by the company to a resident shareholder are exempt from IRPF.
- Conditions
- General rate; any special regimes not verified.
Antigua and Barbuda
Corporate income tax: standard rateGeneral regime
- Who for?
- Companies subject to tax in Antigua and Barbuda.
- Which income?
- Taxable income of the company.
- Conditions
- Separate sector-specific rates are said to exist for certain financial institutions and regulated sectors: not verified here. Tax concessions and the former IBC regime not verified.
Belize
Business tax (tax on gross receipts)General regime
- Who for?
- Businesses, companies and self-employed persons whose annual receipts exceed the threshold; a separate threshold applies to liberal professions according to the chamber of commerce.
- Which income?
- Gross receipts, not profit, with a rate specific to each category: commercial activities, professional services, rents, regulated sectors.
- Conditions
- Annual receipts threshold; annual return and payments to the Belize Tax Service. The business tax paid is credited against any income tax due.
Income tax on petroleum companiesSpecial regime
- Who for?
- Persons and companies carrying out petroleum operations.
- Which income?
- Income subject to surtax arising from petroleum operations.
- Conditions
- Tax payable in US dollars. For all other companies, section 5(6) excludes income tax: they fall under the business tax.
Companies under the Belize Companies Act and substance requirementsConditional
- Who for?
- Companies registered in Belize, including former International Business Companies (IBCs), now governed by the Belize Companies Act 2022.
- Which income?
- Income from so-called relevant activities: banking, insurance, fund management, financing and leasing, headquarters, distribution and service centres, shipping, holding.
- Conditions
- An entity within scope must have a substantial economic presence in Belize: core income-generating activities carried out locally, expenditure, qualified employees and adequate premises, board meetings held in Belize. Administrative and criminal penalties apply in case of breach.
General Sales Tax (GST)General regime
- Who for?
- Businesses whose annual taxable turnover exceeds the registration threshold.
- Which income?
- Sales of goods and provision of services in Belize.
- Conditions
- Mandatory registration above the threshold; standard rate, monthly return and payment.
Taxation of payments to non-residentsNot documented
- Who for?
- Belizean payers paying dividends, interest, insurance premiums, management fees or technical service fees to non-residents.
- Which income?
- Dividends, loan interest, insurance premiums, fees and equipment rentals.
- Conditions
- Scale presented by the chamber of commerce, with a separate rate for CARICOM residents; corresponding legal text not read.
Bulgaria
Corporate income tax: single rateGeneral regime
- Who for?
- Companies resident in Bulgaria and permanent establishments of foreign companies.
- Which income?
- Annual taxable profit.
- Conditions
- Single rate under Article 20 of the corporate income tax law; activities subject to an alternative tax fall outside the tax base; distributions also bear the dividend withholding tax. Minimum tax for large groups not verified.
Colombia
Corporate income taxGeneral regime
- Who for?
- Domestic companies (incorporated in Colombia or with their place of effective management there) and permanent establishments of foreign entities.
- Which income?
- Taxable profit for the financial year.
- Conditions
- General rate under article 240; special sector-specific rates and surtaxes not detailed here; dividends to non-residents subject to the rate in article 245.
Simplified tax regime (SIMPLE)Conditional
- Who for?
- Individuals carrying on a business or professional activity and companies whose shareholders are resident individuals, below an annual gross income ceiling, by election.
- Which income?
- Gross income from the activity.
- Conditions
- Single annual tax with bimonthly advance payments, replacing income tax and incorporating the national consumption tax and the consolidated municipal industry and commerce tax; VAT is not included; progressive rates depending on the activity group and income level; ceiling and rates expressed in UVT, revised by Law 2277 of 2022 and then by ruling C-540 of 2023.
Costa Rica
Corporate income taxGeneral regime
- Who for?
- Companies and businesses carrying on a gainful activity of Costa Rican source.
- Which income?
- Net profit from the gainful activity.
- Conditions
- Flat rate above a gross income threshold; below it, a reduced bracketed scale for small businesses.
Croatia
Profit tax: two rates depending on revenueGeneral regime
- Who for?
- Resident companies, permanent establishments, and craftsmen or self-employed persons whose receipts in the previous period exceed the statutory threshold.
- Which income?
- Taxable profit.
- Conditions
- Reduced rate when revenue for the tax period does not exceed the statutory threshold, normal rate above it. Withholding tax on payments to non-residents: a specific rate for dividends and profit shares, a general rate for interest, royalties and certain services, and an increased rate for non-cooperative jurisdictions (not covered here), subject to tax treaties.
Cyprus
Corporate income tax after the 2026 tax reformGeneral regime
- Who for?
- Companies resident in Cyprus (management and control exercised in Cyprus) and permanent establishments.
- Which income?
- Taxable profit for the financial year.
- Conditions
- Rate increased as part of the reform; the deemed distribution is abolished for profits made after 31 December 2025, and the SDC on actual dividends of domiciled residents is lowered.
Estonia
Deferred corporate tax: taxation on distributionGeneral regime
- Who for?
- Companies resident in Estonia and permanent establishments of foreign companies.
- Which income?
- Distributed profits (dividends, deemed distributions, non-business expenses); retained profit is not taxed.
- Conditions
- Tax is calculated on the net amount distributed according to the statutory fraction and paid by the company; the reduced rate for regular distributions has been abolished since 2025. A company managed from France may be taxed there on the basis of its place of effective management.
Georgia
Corporate profit tax under the "Estonian model"General regime
- Who for?
- Georgian companies and permanent establishments, excluding credit institutions and certain sectors with their own rules.
- Which income?
- Distributed profits and equivalent expenses; reinvested profit is not taxed.
- Conditions
- Rate under Article 98 applied to the distribution; a dividend paid to an individual also bears the rate specific to dividends.
Greece
Corporate income taxGeneral regime
- Who for?
- Companies and legal entities resident in Greece, and permanent establishments of non-residents.
- Which income?
- Taxable profit for the financial year; distributed dividends subject to withholding tax at the level of the shareholder.
- Conditions
- Standard rate; sector-specific regimes (notably maritime) not covered.
Hong Kong
Two-tier Profits TaxGeneral regime
- Who for?
- Companies and sole proprietorships carrying on a business in Hong Kong.
- Which income?
- Business profits: reduced rate on the first band, standard rate beyond; only one entity per group of connected entities benefits from the reduced band.
- Conditions
- Annual return; accounting records and annual audit for companies.
Foreign-sourced income regime (FSIE)Conditional
- Who for?
- Entities that are members of a multinational group, regardless of size; it does not apply to individuals or to purely local groups.
- Which income?
- Foreign-sourced dividends, interest, intellectual property income and disposal gains received in Hong Kong: deemed to be Hong Kong-sourced and taxable, subject to exceptions.
- Conditions
- Exceptions: economic substance requirement (interest, dividends, gains other than on intellectual property), participation requirement (percentage and minimum holding period) for dividends and gains on securities, nexus requirement for intellectual property; advance ruling possible.
Family-owned investment holding vehicles (FIHV)Special regime
- Who for?
- Investment vehicles owned by a family and managed by a single family office in Hong Kong.
- Which income?
- Profits from qualifying transactions: exempt from Profits Tax.
- Conditions
- Minimum asset threshold; substantial activities in Hong Kong, including a minimum number of full-time qualified employees. Adjustments announced in the 2025-26 budget; bill planned for 2026, adoption not verified.
Global minimum tax and Hong Kong Minimum Top-up Tax (HKMTT)Conditional
- Who for?
- Entities of multinational groups whose consolidated revenue reaches the threshold in at least two of the four preceding fiscal years. Does not apply to businesses below the threshold.
- Which income?
- Top-up tax raising the effective rate of Hong Kong entities to the minimum rate, and additional taxation of lightly taxed foreign subsidiaries.
- Conditions
- Separate registration and filings.
Hungary
Corporate income tax (társasági adó, TAO)General regime
- Who for?
- Resident companies (registered office in Hungary or, for a foreign person, place of management in Hungary) and permanent establishments of foreign companies.
- Which income?
- Taxable profit, after tax adjustments to the accounting result.
- Conditions
- Single nominal rate. This rate is not the total burden: the local business tax, social charges and the taxation of the dividend in the hands of the shareholder come on top. Loss carry-forward limited in time and as a proportion of the result, according to a private source.
Local business tax (helyi iparűzési adó, HIPA)General regime
- Who for?
- Businesses carrying on an activity in a municipality that has introduced the tax.
- Which income?
- Net turnover reduced in particular by the purchase cost of goods sold, mediated services, subcontracting and materials: the tax base is not the same as profit.
- Conditions
- Rate set by each municipality within a statutory annual ceiling (Act C of 1990, Article 40). Example read: the town of Nagykanizsa applies a rate equal to this ceiling.
Small business tax (kisvállalati adó, KIVA)Special regime
- Who for?
- Businesses that opt into the regime and comply with ceilings on headcount, turnover and balance sheet total, with a financial year matching the calendar year.
- Which income?
- Substitute tax base: remuneration subject to contributions, approved dividends, capital reductions and adjustments to the result; it cannot be lower than the remuneration.
- Conditions
- Replaces corporate income tax and the employer's social contribution. Exit from the regime if a turnover ceiling or a headcount ceiling higher than the entry ceiling is exceeded.
Global minimum tax for large groups (Pillar Two)Conditional
- Who for?
- Constituent entities of multinational groups and of large domestic groups whose consolidated turnover exceeds the statutory threshold in at least two of the four preceding financial years. Companies outside these groups are not concerned.
- Which income?
- Profits subject to an effective rate below the minimum rate, calculated by jurisdiction.
- Conditions
- Qualified domestic top-up tax and income inclusion rule top-up tax, under Act LXXXIV of 2023.
Indonesia (Bali)
Corporate income tax: standard rateGeneral regime
- Who for?
- Resident companies and permanent establishments of foreign companies.
- Which income?
- Taxable profit for the financial year.
- Conditions
- Reductions specific to small companies and sector incentives not verified here.
Final tax on the turnover of small entities (UMKM)Conditional
- Who for?
- Single-member companies (perseroan perorangan) and cooperatives below the turnover ceiling. CVs, firms, limited liability companies (PT) and newly registered village enterprises are excluded and are subject to the standard rate.
- Which income?
- Gross turnover, taxed by a final withholding tax instead of tax on profits.
- Conditions
- The annual turnover ceiling must be respected; entities already under the regime before Regulation PP 20/2026 keep it until the end of their period.
Ireland
Corporation taxGeneral regime
- Who for?
- Companies subject to Irish corporation tax.
- Which income?
- Trading income at the standard rate; non-trading (passive) income and excluded activities at the higher rate; distributions subject to DWT withholding for the shareholder.
- Conditions
- The trading nature of the income determines the rate: a company that merely holds investments falls under the higher rate.
Minimum taxation of large groups (Pillar Two, Part 4A TCA)Conditional
- Who for?
- Multinational groups and large domestic groups whose consolidated turnover reaches the threshold in at least two of the four preceding financial years.
- Which income?
- Top-up tax bringing the group's effective rate in each jurisdiction up to the minimum level.
- Conditions
- Consolidated turnover threshold; specific reporting obligations (Top-up Tax Information Return). Does not apply to standalone companies or to groups below the threshold.
Italy
IRES: corporate income taxGeneral regime
- Who for?
- Companies and entities resident in Italy, and permanent establishments of non-residents.
- Which income?
- Taxable income for the financial year; the regional IRAP is added on a separate base (not quantified here).
- Conditions
- Standard rate; sector-specific surcharges not included.
Malaysia
Corporate income tax: standard regimeGeneral regime
- Who for?
- Resident and non-resident companies carrying on a business in Malaysia.
- Which income?
- Taxable income at the standard rate.
- Conditions
- Annual return; sector-specific incentive regimes not detailed.
Reduced rates for small and medium-sized enterprisesConditional
- Who for?
- Resident companies meeting the conditions on paid-up capital, gross income and shareholding.
- Which income?
- Taxable income: first reduced rate on the first bracket, second reduced rate on the intermediate bracket, standard rate beyond.
- Conditions
- Capital and gross income ceilings, and limits on holdings by foreign companies or large groups, not covered here.
Global minimum tax for multinational groups (GMT)Conditional
- Who for?
- Malaysian entities of multinational groups whose consolidated revenue reaches the threshold in at least two of the four preceding financial years. Does not apply to businesses below the threshold.
- Which income?
- Domestic top-up tax on Malaysian entities and income inclusion rule for parent entities.
- Conditions
- Separate registration and filings with the LHDN.
Mauritius
Corporate income tax: standard rate and minimum taxation of large groupsGeneral regime
- Who for?
- Companies resident in Mauritius, including Global Business Companies; domestic minimum top-up tax for entities of multinational groups reaching the consolidated turnover threshold.
- Which income?
- Taxable income of the company.
- Conditions
- Standard rate; domestic top-up tax to bring the effective taxation of large groups up to the OECD minimum, from the tax year starting on 1 July 2025; substance requirements for Global Business Companies.
Partial exemption of certain incomeSpecial regime
- Who for?
- Resident companies, including Global Business Companies, receiving eligible income.
- Which income?
- Foreign-source dividends, most interest (excluding banks and financial institutions), profits of foreign permanent establishments and other listed income.
- Conditions
- Exemption of a portion of the income, subject to substance conditions; banks excluded for foreign dividends since 8 August 2025.
Reduced rate for companies exporting goodsSpecial regime
- Who for?
- Companies exporting goods.
- Which income?
- Portion of taxable income attributable to the export of goods.
- Conditions
- Reduced rate on the portion of income linked to exports only; the rest of the income is taxed at the standard rate.
Fair Share Contribution for companiesTemporary
- Who for?
- Companies other than Global Business Companies whose taxable income exceeds the threshold; separate regime for banks.
- Which income?
- Taxable income of the company.
- Conditions
- Contribution at a rate that varies according to the company's regime (reduced rate for companies taxed at the exporter rate, higher rate for banks on transactions with residents); since the Finance Act 2026, taxable income has become the sole criterion for liability.
Morocco
Corporate income tax: rates after the 2023-2026 reformGeneral regime
- Who for?
- Companies and establishments subject to corporate income tax (IS) in Morocco.
- Which income?
- Net taxable profit.
- Conditions
- Standard rate; higher rate for companies whose net profit reaches the statutory threshold; specific rate for credit institutions and similar bodies, Bank Al-Maghrib, the CDG and insurers; former intermediate rates abolished at the end of the convergence; zone-based and sector-based incentive regimes subject to conditions.
Casablanca Finance City (CFC) status: companiesSpecial regime
- Who for?
- Service companies that have obtained CFC status, excluding credit institutions and insurance and reinsurance companies.
- Which income?
- Taxable profit; exemption from withholding tax on certain distributions by these companies (Article 6-I-C-1° of the CGI), the exact scope of which has not been re-reviewed.
- Conditions
- Full exemption from corporate income tax for a limited number of consecutive financial years starting from the first financial year in which the status is granted, which in any event ends on expiry of a period counted from the company's incorporation; thereafter, the standard corporate income tax rate, the former specific rate having been raised to the standard rate by the Finance Act 2023.
New Zealand
New Zealand companies: corporate income taxGeneral regime
- Who for?
- Most companies; Māori authorities are subject to a separate rate; sole traders are taxed under the individual scale.
- Which income?
- Taxable profit.
- Conditions
- Single rate; distributions to residents subject to resident withholding tax on dividends; GST if the registration threshold is exceeded.
Oman
Income tax on companies and establishments: standard rateGeneral regime
- Who for?
- Companies, establishments and holders of a commercial registration, whatever the registration category, as well as permanent establishments of foreign companies.
- Which income?
- Annual taxable profit.
- Conditions
- Annual return filed within the period following the close of the financial year; oil sector governed by its own rules, not verified.
Reduced rate for small businessesConditional
- Who for?
- Small businesses meeting cumulatively the conditions on capital, gross revenue and headcount, excluding professional activities.
- Which income?
- Annual taxable profit.
- Conditions
- Registered capital, annual gross revenue and number of employees subject to ceilings; non-professional activity; return filed within a shorter period than under the standard regime.
Withholding tax on payments to foreign companiesGeneral regime
- Who for?
- Omani payers making certain payments to a foreign company with no permanent establishment in Oman.
- Which income?
- Royalties and other payments covered by the law; treatment of dividends and interest not verified.
- Conditions
- Tax withheld on the gross amount transferred; any treaty relief not verified.
Panama
Corporate income tax: territorialityGeneral regime
- Who for?
- Panamanian and foreign companies receiving profits of Panamanian source.
- Which income?
- Taxable net profit of Panamanian source.
- Conditions
- Single rate; distributions are subject to a dividend tax withheld by the company, at a different rate depending on the origin of the profits (not quantified here).
Multinational company headquarters (SEM)Special regime
- Who for?
- Entities holding a SEM licence issued by the competent commission, belonging to a multinational group and providing services to group entities; their foreign staff holding the SEM visa.
- Which income?
- Net profit from services provided by the SEM; salaries of staff holding the SEM visa.
- Conditions
- Reduced income tax rate, transfer pricing rules apply, exemption from dividend tax, complementary tax and branch tax; exemption from income tax and social contributions for the salaries of staff holding the SEM visa that are booked as expenses by the SEM; substance required (jobs, local spending).
Paraguay
Corporate income tax (IRE)General regime
- Who for?
- Companies, corporations and individuals carrying on a commercial, industrial or service activity on a regular basis.
- Which income?
- Net income for the financial year.
- Conditions
- Single rate; simplified regimes for small businesses (IRE SIMPLE, RESIMPLE) not detailed here.
Tax on dividends and distributed profits (IDU)General regime
- Who for?
- Partners and shareholders receiving dividends or profits from a company subject to the IRE; the distributing entity withholds the tax.
- Which income?
- Distributed dividends, profits and returns.
- Conditions
- The rate differs depending on whether the recipient is resident or non-resident; it is added to the IRE already paid by the company, the total remaining moderate.
Philippines
Corporate income tax: normal rateGeneral regime
- Who for?
- Domestic corporations, incorporated in the Philippines.
- Which income?
- Taxable income for the year.
- Conditions
- Rules specific to foreign corporations and registered enterprises are not detailed here.
Reduced rate for small domestic corporationsConditional
- Who for?
- Domestic corporations whose net taxable income and total assets, excluding the land on which offices and facilities are located, do not exceed the statutory ceilings.
- Which income?
- Taxable income for the year.
- Conditions
- Cumulative conditions assessed for each taxable year.
Registered enterprises and economic zones: CREATE MORE incentivesSpecial regime
- Who for?
- Registered business enterprises with an investment promotion agency, notably in economic zones, for projects included in the Strategic Investment Priority Plan (SIPP).
- Which income?
- Income from registered projects and activities: temporary income tax exemption, then, at the enterprise's choice, a special tax on gross income in lieu of national and local taxes (export enterprises) or the enhanced deductions regime at a reduced rate; local tax on gross income capped during the exemption and the enhanced deductions regime.
- Conditions
- Registration and approval of the project; durations depend on the location, the sector and the approval route (promotion agency or Fiscal Incentives Review Board for large projects).
Poland
Corporate income tax (CIT) — general regimeGeneral regime
- Who for?
- Capital companies and other CIT taxpayers.
- Which income?
- Taxable profit for the financial year; reduced rate for small taxpayers and start-up companies, excluding capital gains.
- Conditions
- Reduced rate subject to small taxpayer or start-up status and to revenue for the financial year being below the ceiling.
Estonian CIT (ryczałt od dochodów spółek)Special regime
- Who for?
- Limited liability companies, joint-stock companies, simple joint-stock companies and certain limited partnerships with their registered office or management in Poland, whose partners are exclusively individuals.
- Which income?
- Distributed profits and hidden distributions, taxed on distribution and not when earned.
- Conditions
- No shareholdings in other companies; minimum employment condition; passive income of the previous year below the threshold; ZAW-RD notice before the end of the first month of the first year; reduction of the partner's tax on the dividend.
Portugal
IRC: standard corporate income tax rateGeneral regime
- Who for?
- Companies and other entities resident in Portugal, and permanent establishments of non-resident entities.
- Which income?
- Taxable profit for the financial year.
- Conditions
- Standard rate for tax periods beginning in 2026; the municipal derrama and, for high profits, the State derrama are added (not quantified here). Rates specific to the autonomous regions are not included.
IRC: scheduled reduction of the standard rate (law n.º 64/2025)General regimeAdopted, applies later
- Who for?
- Same taxpayers as for the standard rate.
- Which income?
- Taxable profit for the financial year.
- Conditions
- Transitional rate for periods beginning in 2027, then the definitive rate of article 87.º, n.º 1, for periods beginning from 2028.
IRC: reduced rate for SMEs and Small Mid CapsConditional
- Who for?
- Entities mainly carrying out an agricultural, commercial or industrial activity, qualifying as SMEs or Small Mid Caps within the meaning of decree-law n.º 372/2007.
- Which income?
- First tranche of the taxable base at the reduced rate; the excess at the standard rate.
- Conditions
- SME or Small Mid Cap status must be justified; detailed conditions of decree-law n.º 372/2007 not reproduced here.
Romania
Corporate income taxGeneral regime
- Who for?
- Romanian companies not under the micro-enterprise regime, and permanent establishments.
- Which income?
- Taxable profit.
- Conditions
- Rate under Article 17 of the Tax Code; minimum turnover tax rules for large companies not verified. VAT was increased on 1 August 2025 by Law 141/2025.
Micro-enterprise regime (turnover tax)Conditional
- Who for?
- Romanian legal entities whose revenue in the previous financial year does not exceed the ceiling, which have at least one employee, whose capital is not held by the State, and whose majority shareholders place only one company under the regime.
- Which income?
- Revenue (turnover) rather than profit.
- Conditions
- Ceiling assessed on the previous financial year's revenue, in lei equivalent; excluded activities (banking, insurance, gambling, hydrocarbons in particular); financial statements filed on time. Since 2026, a single rate: the second rate and the distinction by activity have disappeared. The regime penalises low-margin activities.
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Corporate income tax: standard rateGeneral regime
- Who for?
- Companies registered in the Federation.
- Which income?
- Taxable profit of the company.
- Conditions
- Rate set in the 2024 budget speech after temporary reductions; the corresponding legislative text has not been read. The specific regime for Nevis companies has not been verified.
Seychelles
Business tax for entities: standard regimeGeneral regime
- Who for?
- Companies, public bodies and certain trustees, including IBCs that derive taxable income from Seychelles.
- Which income?
- Taxable profit.
- Conditions
- Two brackets; registration with the SRC as soon as the activity begins; annual return due by 31 March of the following year at the latest.
Business tax: special-rate sectorsSpecial regime
- Who for?
- Telecommunications operators, banks, insurance companies, alcohol and tobacco manufacturers.
- Which income?
- Taxable profit.
- Conditions
- Higher rates than the standard regime on each of the two brackets.
Foreign passive income of covered companies: economic substance testConditional
- Who for?
- Companies covered by the Eleventh Schedule to the Business Tax Act (covered companies).
- Which income?
- Passive income (interest, dividends, royalties and other income not arising from the company's own activity) and income from activities carried on outside Seychelles.
- Conditions
- Qualifying company: reporting obligations met, adequate human resources and premises in Seychelles to hold and manage the assets, strategic decisions and risk management taken locally, and adequate expenditure (reduced for pure holding companies); outsourcing is possible under supervision.
IBCs: end of the exemption and accounting obligationsGeneral regime
- Who for?
- International business companies (IBCs) incorporated under the 2016 Act.
- Which income?
- Seychelles-source income taxable to business tax; the former exemption clause has been removed.
- Conditions
- Accounting records kept at the registered office in Seychelles; annual financial summary within the statutory deadline; retention by the registered agent; penalties; returns and audited accounts for IBCs deriving taxable income from Seychelles.
Withholding tax on payments to non-residentsGeneral regime
- Who for?
- Seychelles payers paying dividends, interest, royalties or technical fees to a non-resident.
- Which income?
- Dividends, interest, royalties, technical fees; other rates for certain categories.
- Conditions
- Final withholding tax; treaty rates not verified.
Singapore
Corporate income tax: standard regimeGeneral regime
- Who for?
- Resident companies and Singapore establishments of foreign companies.
- Which income?
- Taxable profit at a single rate, with partial exemptions and an exemption for start-up companies subject to conditions (details not verified).
- Conditions
- No withholding tax on dividends, one-tier system with tax levied at company level; annual return.
Family office funds (schemes 13O, 13OA and 13U)Special regime
- Who for?
- Fund vehicles managed by a single family office or a manager based in Singapore, approved by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.
- Which income?
- Specified income from designated investments: exempt from tax.
- Conditions
- Minimum amount of designated investments depending on the scheme, minimum number of qualified investment professionals (at least one of whom is outside the family), minimum local spending, conditions to be met throughout the incentive period.
Top-up taxes for large groups (DTT and MTT)Conditional
- Who for?
- Multinational groups whose annual revenue reaches the threshold in at least two of the four preceding financial years. Does not apply to companies below the threshold.
- Which income?
- Domestic Top-up Tax on Singapore entities and Multinational Enterprise Top-up Tax on low-taxed foreign subsidiaries.
- Conditions
- Separate registration and filings with the IRAS.
Spain
Corporate income tax: general rateGeneral regime
- Who for?
- Companies resident in Spain and permanent establishments of non-resident entities.
- Which income?
- Taxable base of the financial year.
- Conditions
- General rate unless a reduced regime applies.
Corporate income tax: emerging companies (Law 28/2022, known as the start-up law)Conditional
- Who for?
- Companies recognised as emerging companies within the meaning of Law 28/2022 (young innovative companies, certified by the competent authority).
- Which income?
- Taxable base of the first profitable financial years.
- Conditions
- Recognition of emerging-company status; age, size and innovation conditions set by Law 28/2022, not reproduced here.
Corporate income tax: micro-enterprises and small-sized companiesTemporary
- Who for?
- Micro-enterprises (net turnover of the previous financial year below the threshold) and small-sized companies within the meaning of Article 101 of the corporate income tax law.
- Which income?
- Taxable base: for micro-enterprises, first bracket at a lower rate and the remainder at an intermediate rate; for small-sized companies, a single reduced rate.
- Conditions
- Exclusion of entities subject to a specific rate (asset-holding entities in particular, not detailed here).
Thailand
Corporate income tax: standard rateGeneral regime
- Who for?
- Thai companies and partnerships, as well as foreign companies carrying on business in Thailand.
- Which income?
- Net profit for the financial year; dividends paid to a foreign company not carrying on business in Thailand and profits remitted out of Thailand by a foreign company are subject to a separate levy.
- Conditions
- Annual return; sector-specific regimes (offshore banks, international transport) and Board of Investment incentives are not detailed here.
Reduced rates for small companiesConditional
- Who for?
- Companies whose paid-up capital remains below the statutory ceiling at the close of each financial year.
- Which income?
- Net profit, taxed in brackets: reduced rate on the intermediate bracket, standard rate above the upper threshold.
- Conditions
- Capital condition assessed year by year; the rate applicable to the portion of profit below the first threshold and any turnover condition do not appear on the official page consulted.
Turkey
Corporate income taxGeneral regime
- Who for?
- Turkish companies and permanent establishments; higher rate for certain financial sectors.
- Which income?
- Taxable profit.
- Conditions
- Standard rate; higher rate for banks and certain financial institutions; sector-specific incentives not detailed.
United Arab Emirates (Dubai)
Corporate tax: standard regimeGeneral regime
- Who for?
- Resident companies (including free zone entities that do not meet the conditions of a qualifying person), permanent establishments of non-residents, and individuals carrying on an activity above the regulatory threshold.
- Which income?
- Taxable profit: zero-rate band up to the threshold, standard rate above it.
- Conditions
- Registration with the Federal Tax Authority and annual filing even where no tax is due; exemptions (participations in particular) and anti-abuse rules provided for by Federal Decree-Law No. 47 of 2022, not detailed here.
Qualifying Free Zone PersonSpecial regime
- Who for?
- Entities established in an Emirati free zone that meet all the conditions of a qualifying person and have not opted for the standard regime.
- Which income?
- Qualifying income taxed at a zero rate; the rest of the taxable income at the standard rate.
- Conditions
- Adequate substance in the free zone, qualifying income, compliance with transfer pricing and its documentation, audited financial statements, non-qualifying income below the de minimis threshold (the lower of a percentage of turnover and a capped amount). List of qualifying and excluded activities updated by Ministerial Decision No. 229 of 2025.
Small Business ReliefTemporary
- Who for?
- Resident taxable persons, companies or individuals carrying on an activity, whose turnover for the period and for all previous periods does not exceed the threshold.
- Which income?
- On election, the person is deemed to have derived no taxable income for the period.
- Conditions
- Election made period by period in the return; qualifying free zone persons and members of large multinational groups are excluded; losses and other reliefs cannot be used for the period; simplified return maintained.
Domestic Minimum Top-up Tax (DMTT) for large groupsConditional
- Who for?
- Emirati entities of multinational groups whose consolidated revenue reaches the threshold in at least two of the four preceding financial years. Does not apply to small and medium-sized enterprises or to groups below the threshold.
- Which income?
- Top-up tax bringing the group's effective rate in the Emirates up to the minimum rate.
- Conditions
- Investment entities are excluded and, under conditions, so are groups in the initial phase of international activity; separate registration and returns.
United Kingdom
Corporation taxGeneral regime
- Who for?
- Resident companies and permanent establishments of foreign companies.
- Which income?
- Taxable profits of the company.
- Conditions
- Reduced rate below the lower threshold, main rate above the upper threshold, tapered relief between the two.
Multinational top-up tax and domestic top-up tax (Pillar Two)Conditional
- Who for?
- Groups whose consolidated revenue reaches the threshold in at least two of the four preceding accounting periods.
- Which income?
- Top-up tax bringing the effective tax rate up to the minimum level.
- Conditions
- Consolidated revenue threshold; does not apply to companies outside these groups.
United States
Single-member LLC: disregarded entityGeneral regime
- Who for?
- Single-member LLC that has not elected to be taxed as a corporation.
- Which income?
- The LLC's results are those of its owner, taxed according to the owner's own situation (resident: worldwide income; non-resident: connected income and US-source FDAP).
- Conditions
- Default classification; election to be taxed as a corporation on Form 8832; the LLC remains a separate entity for employment taxes and certain excise taxes.
Single-member LLC owned by a foreign person: Form 5472 and pro forma Form 1120Conditional
- Who for?
- Disregarded US LLC whose sole member is a foreign person or entity.
- Which income?
- Reporting obligation, independent of whether any tax is due.
- Conditions
- Form 5472 attached to a pro forma Form 1120 within the filing deadline; record keeping; penalty for each missing return and an additional penalty if the failure continues after notification.
Multi-member LLC: partnership and section 1446 withholdingGeneral regime
- Who for?
- US LLC with several members that has not elected to be taxed as a corporation.
- Which income?
- Result allocated among the members and taxed in their hands; withholding on the share of effectively connected income allocated to foreign members.
- Conditions
- Forms 8804 and 8805 for the withholding; the foreign member files their own return and claims credit for the tax withheld.
C corporation (and LLC that has elected to be taxed as a corporation)General regime
- Who for?
- US corporations and LLCs that have elected on Form 8832.
- Which income?
- Taxable profit of the corporation; distributions are then taxed in the hands of the shareholder (withholding on dividends paid to a non-resident).
- Conditions
- Form 1120 filed within the statutory deadline; state corporate income tax in addition.
State taxes and levies: the example of DelawareGeneral regime
- Who for?
- LLCs, LPs and GPs registered in Delaware.
- Which income?
- Flat annual registration tax, independent of profit.
- Conditions
- Annual payment due no later than the first of June for the preceding year; penalty and interest in case of late payment; no annual report for these entities.
Uruguay
Tax on income from economic activities (IRAE)General regime
- Who for?
- Companies and businesses carrying on an economic activity in Uruguay.
- Which income?
- Net taxable profit.
- Conditions
- Single rate on net profit.
Vanuatu
No corporate profits taxGeneral regime
- Who for?
- Companies and entrepreneurs operating in Vanuatu.
- Which income?
- Profits: no corporate income tax or capital gains tax, according to the investment promotion agency.
- Conditions
- Business licence, VAT and import duties remain payable depending on the case; their rates, other than VAT, have not been verified.
Value added taxGeneral regime
- Who for?
- Businesses whose taxable supplies exceed, or are expected to exceed, the registration threshold over the legal rolling period; the final consumer bears the cost.
- Which income?
- Supplies of goods and services, at the single rate applicable to most transactions.
- Conditions
- Registration is mandatory above the threshold; returns are filed with the Department of Customs and Inland Revenue.
Key terms
- Tax residence
- the country that taxes a person on their income, according to presence, home or centre-of-interests criteria specific to each country.
- Worldwide income
- a resident is taxed on all income wherever it arises; tax treaties prevent double taxation.
- Territorial taxation
- only locally sourced income is taxed; foreign-source income is not, save for exceptions set by law.
- Remittance basis
- foreign income is taxed only if it is brought into the country.
- Domicile
- a notion distinct from residence in some countries (Malta, Cyprus); a non-domiciled resident may benefit from a special regime there.
An invoice to a foreign client, a payment received on a foreign account and foreign-source income are not the same thing. A company registered abroad does not move the place where the business is carried on, nor the residence of its director.